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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Reasoning, Examining alternative explanations and hypotheses for outputs given inputs which are Tested theoretically and empircally using mixed methods, Scientific reasoning may be Inductive 'Bottom-up' 'Grounded' 'Empirical', Scientific reasoning may be Abductive 'Pragmatic', Observations of specific cases assumed to be RELEVANT explored through In-depth data collection, Inductive 'Bottom-up' 'Grounded' 'Empirical' simple example is If Socrates is dead and Socrates is a man Then man can die, Abductive 'Pragmatic' simple example is The grass is wet Rain makes grass wet So, it has rained recently [Alternatives: Sprinkler, melted snow, hose etc], Plausible explanations for why something happened may be iterative Observed results and tentative explanations and hypotheses, In-depth data collection leads to Identification of themes, Scientific reasoning may be Deductive 'Top Down' 'Theoretical', Based on tests/ experiments that lead to More specific conclusions and predictions, Developing hypotheses that are accepted, rejected or modified Based on tests/ experiments, Identification of themes used to build or refine More general conclusions across the cases, Abductive 'Pragmatic' begins with Observed results and tentative explanations and hypotheses, Deductive 'Top Down' 'Theoretical' begins with Stated objective facts or principles assumed to be TRUE, Tested theoretically and empircally using mixed methods to derive Plausible explanations for why something happened, Inductive 'Bottom-up' 'Grounded' 'Empirical' begins with Observations of specific cases assumed to be RELEVANT, Stated objective facts or principles assumed to be TRUE tested by Developing hypotheses, Observed results and tentative explanations and hypotheses Developed by Examining alternative explanations and hypotheses for outputs given inputs, Deductive 'Top Down' 'Theoretical' simple example is All men are mortal Socrates is a man So Socrates is mortal