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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Themeda Fire, Spring burn before weed species have seed set too late in season for further establishment no impact on perennial exotics or dicot. exotic annuals, Themeda litter smothers Themeda tussocks FIRE Biomass removal gap creation, Spring burn: may require that green exotic annuals be treated first (steam, hot water or knock down herbicide) ???? Spring burn before weed species have seed set too late in season for further establishment, Abundance of exotic annual grasses addition of themeda seeds Exotics replaced by Themeda (and some others), Autumn burn ???? Autumn burn may be required to encourage the persistence of threatened species, Spring burn before weed species have seed set too late in season for further establishment reduces Abundance of exotic annual grasses, Autumn burn ???? Marked flush of weed species after single autumn (Autumn opportunists), Themeda litter smothers Themeda tussocks FIRE Spring burn before weed species have seed set too late in season for further establishment, Themeda litter smothers Themeda tussocks FIRE Autumn burn, Resprouting Themeda recruitment of inter- tossock species produces Healthy grassland High species diversity and structural heterogeneity, Biomass increasing fire supression Biomass increasing Themeda tussocks take up inter-tussock spaces, Biomass removal gap creation allows Resprouting Themeda recruitment of inter- tossock species, Biomass increasing Themeda tussocks take up inter-tussock spaces fire supression > 5 years Themeda litter smothers Themeda tussocks, Autumn burn ???? Reduced abundance of weeds after annual autumn burn, Healthy grassland High species diversity and structural heterogeneity fire supression Biomass increasing, Spring burn before weed species have seed set too late in season for further establishment alternative Short intensity grazing or slashing may also reduce seed set