╨╧рб▒с>■  $&■   #                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ье┴ ┐R jbjbjкjк ╚╚R       ]ввввввв╥╥╥╥╥ ▐ ╥╣ ъЎЎЎЎЎЎЎЎv x x x x x x ,г ЇЧ pд вЎЎЎЎЎд ЬввЎЎЎЬЬЬЎZвЎвЎv ╢─ввввЎv Ь┌Ьv ввv ъ М│╢╥╥PLv Group 11 Hypothesis 2: Trauma to Stifle joint leading to Secondary Osteoarthritis Secondary osteoarthritis resulting from damage of the chondrocytes or cartilage matrix following traumatic injury to the stifle joint articular cartilage. This could be due to normal forces placed on an abnormal joint (in a congenitally deformed, predisposed animal) or abnormal forces on a normal joint. In this case, jumping off of the bed was the inciting event one year ago. Pathophysiology: Increased anabolic and catabolic activity of chondrocytes results in increased production of metalloproteinases and the release of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and prostaglandins. Breakdown of proteoglycan and collagen results in free fragments being released into synovial fluid. Synovial macrophages remove debris and the joint capsule begins to thicken. The synovial vasculature becomes more permeable which may result in joint effusion. In addition the fibrous capsule experiences fibroplasia and increased vascularity leading to a decreased range of motion. Ultimately catabolic activity within the stifle joint exceeds anabolic activity, resulting in depletion of the cartilage matrix and initiation of cartilage degradation. This abnormal cartilage is no longer able to withstand normal biochemical forces. Due to the loss of tensile and compressive strength, forces applied to the articular surface will result in further damage to chondrocytes and cartilage matrix. The resulting inability of the cartilage to distribute forces properly results in increased load over focal areas of the remaining cartilage and subchondral bone. The subchondral bone responds by thickening and eventual remodeling. Osteophytes are produced as a result of abnormal stress at the junction of the synovium, perichondrium, and periosteum. The clinical signs in this patient are a result primarily of pain due to stimulation of nociceptors, which are present in the fibrous joint capsule, and to a lesser extent in subchondral bone, ligaments, muscles, and tendons. The pain associated with osteoarthritis is a combination of chronic pain due to normal use of the remodeled joint, and acute pain due to stresses placed on periarticular tissues. All of these arthritic changes can account for the clinical signs we saw in our patient: altered gait, decreased range of motion, and pain. ╘фR ¤5Б TU╘╒R ¤¤¤¤¤¤ TU╘╒ R ■■░╨/ ░р=!░"░#Ра$Ра%░ [4@ё 4NormalCJOJPJQJmH <A@Є б<Default Paragraph FontR        R R R R ES_mЛЧ█ф╒ф DVЙТЧе╡┴¤_ghs▄чЎr{е▒Zeq|│╛  )ДП█ц(6л╕T  S,{Б $ Q T    Math EmporiumEMacintosh HD:Desktop Folder:Student's Folder:Group 11 hypothesis2.txt Math EmporiumEMacintosh HD:Desktop Folder:Student's Folder:Group 11 hypothesis2.txt Math EmporiumEMacintosh HD:Desktop Folder:Student's Folder:Group 11 hypothesis2.txt Math EmporiumJMacintosh HD:Desktop Folder:Student's Folder:Group 11 Case2hypothesis2.txt Math EmporiumJMacintosh HD:Desktop Folder:Student's Folder:Group 11 Case2hypothesis2.txt Math EmporiumJMacintosh HD:Desktop Folder:Student's Folder:Group 11 Case2hypothesis2.txt Math EmporiumLMacintosh HD:Desktop Folder:Student's Folder:AutoRecovery save of Group 11 C Math EmporiumJMacintosh HD:Desktop Folder:Student's Folder:Group 11 Case2hypothesis2.txt Math EmporiumJMacintosh HD:Desktop Folder:Student's Folder:Group 11 Case2hypothesis2.txt Math EmporiumGMacintosh HD:Desktop Folder:Student's Folder:Hypothesis 2 group11-2.txt @А╨Ч╫┬ў Ў R @@GРTimes New Roman5РАSymbol3Р Arial3РTimes"qИ╨h,ГRж,ГRж!е└┤┤А>0d╨   Group 11 Math Emporium Math Emporium■  рЕЯЄ∙OhлС+'│┘0hИРд░╚╘ф № $ 0 <HPX`' Group 11 rouMath EmporiumoathNormalpMath Emporiumo2thMicrosoft Word 8.0d@@09 @Ш└@09 @Ш└■  ╒═╒Ь.УЧ+,∙о0№ hpИРШа и░╕└ ╚ ▐'Virginia Techouм  Group 11 Title ■    ■   ■    !"■   ¤   %■   ■   ■                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Root Entry         └FЭ<Ш└'А1Table             WordDocument        SummaryInformation(    DocumentSummaryInformation8            CompObj    XObjectPool            Э<Ш└Э<Ш└            ■                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ■      └FMicrosoft Word Document■   NB6WWord.Document.8