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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: CJ, spongy layer is to increase surface area for diffusion of carbon dioxide, palisade layer has thin cell wall, spongy layer has air spaces for rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide, palisade layer abundant chloroplasts, lower epidermis is to protect inner region, lower epidermis abundant amount of stomata, lower epidermis coverd by thinner waxy cuticle, waxy cuticle is to prevent excessive evaporation, palisade layer high conc. of chlorophyll, upper epidermis is one cell thick, upper epidermis is transparent,allows light to penetrate, upper epidermis less amount of stomata, spongy layer is irregular in shape, loosely packed with large intercellular spaces, spongy layer fewer chloroplasts, thin cell wall to allow penetration and rapid diffusion, one cell thick covered by thicker waxy cuticle, stomata is to regulate gaseuos exchange and water loss from leaves, palisade layer is the main site of photosynthesis