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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: strofleaf_21&22, upper epidermis functions protects leaf, spongy mesophyll functions carry out photosynthesis, spongy mesophyll has loosely packed irregular shaped cells, has stomata which regulates gaseous exchange, allows light to penetrate and 'focus' onto the mesophyll, lower epidermis is one cell thick, upper epidermis functions prevents excessive loss of water, lower epidermis with abundant stomata, spongy mesophyll has air spaces connected to stomata for rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of the leaves, palisade layer functions has thin cell wall to facilitate light penetration, lower epidermis functions protects inner region of the leaf, 'focus' onto the mesophyll due to being transparent, palisade layer functions main site of photosynthesis, palisade layer has abundant chloroplasts, palisade layer has 1-2 layers of closely packed long, cylindrical, thin-wall cells, lower epidermis functions has stomata, prevents excessive loss of water from evaporation, has stomata which regulates water loss from leaves, upper epidermis covered by waxy cuticle, spongy mesophyll with numerous large intercellular spaces