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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Case Against Earmarking, Congress is to be successful in minimizing earmarking therefore (ArgScheme: modus ponens AU=Minge) If Congress is to be successful in minimizing earmarking then Universities should make an effort to identifiy shortcomings of the peer review process, devise ways to rectify the shortcomings, and lobby Congress to impliement the reforms and to enact effective enforcement mechanisms, Peer review is a better process for allocating funds than earmarks therefore (ArchScheme: Modus Ponens AU=Minge) If earmarks undermine the integrity of Congress and Institutions of Higher Education and peer review is a better process for allocating funds than earmarks then Congress should allocate funds for research using public standards that are clear and transparent and should work with universities to identify shortcomings of the peer review process, devise ways to rectify the shortcomings, and enact effective enforcement mechanisms (AU=Minge), Earmarks undermine the integrity of Institutions of Higher Education therefore (ArchScheme: Modus Ponens AU=Minge) Congress should allocate funds for research using public standards that are clear and transparent and should work with universities to identify shortcomings of the peer review process, devise ways to rectify the shortcomings, and enact effective enforcement mechanisms, Congress is to be successful in minimizing earmarking therefore (ArgScheme: modus ponens AU=Minge) Universities should make an effort to identifiy shortcomings of the peer review process, devise ways to rectify the shortcomings, and lobby Congress to impliement the reforms and to enact effective enforcement mechanisms, Earmarks undermine the integrity of Congress therefore (ArchScheme: Modus Ponens AU=Minge) Congress should allocate funds for research using public standards that are clear and transparent and should work with universities to identify shortcomings of the peer review process, devise ways to rectify the shortcomings, and enact effective enforcement mechanisms, Peer review is a better process for allocating funds than earmarks therefore (ArchScheme: Modus Ponens AU=Minge) Congress should allocate funds for research using public standards that are clear and transparent and should work with universities to identify shortcomings of the peer review process, devise ways to rectify the shortcomings, and enact effective enforcement mechanisms, Members of Congress lack the time and staff to find offensive pork barrel earmarks therefore (ArgScheme: MP) Earmarks undermine the integrity of Congress, Earmarks undermine the integrity of Congress therefore (ArchScheme: Modus Ponens AU=Minge) If earmarks undermine the integrity of Congress and Institutions of Higher Education and peer review is a better process for allocating funds than earmarks then Congress should allocate funds for research using public standards that are clear and transparent and should work with universities to identify shortcomings of the peer review process, devise ways to rectify the shortcomings, and enact effective enforcement mechanisms (AU=Minge), Peer review is used as a basis for determing the quality of research, regardless of the allocation method used to provide funds for research therefore (ArgScheme: MP) Peer review is a better process for allocating funds than earmarks, Members of Congress lack the time and staff to find offensive pork barrel earmarks therefore (ArgScheme: MP) If Congress has a trust obligation to allocate public funds in the fairest way possible and If earmarks are obscure, lack peer review, lack scrutiny of public hearings and members of congress lack the time and staff to find offensive earmarks, then earmarks undermine the integrity of Congress (AU=Minge), Peer review is used as a basis for determing the quality of research, regardless of the allocation method used to provide funds for research therefore (ArgScheme: MP) If peer review is used as a basis for determining the quality of research conducted by a University, regardless of the funding allocation method used to provide funds for the research, then peer review is a better process for allocating funds than earmarks, universities pay lip service to peer review and collectively condemn earmarks therefore (Argscheme: MP) Earmarks undermine the integrity of Institutions of Higher Education, bills and committee reports that containt most earmarks are not available for inspection until the day before they are debated supports earmarks represent a process that is obscure, lack peer review, lack scrutiny of public hearings, But universities have been the enablers Without consensus and discipline the current trend will continue objects If Congress is to be successful in minimizing earmarking then Universities should make an effort to identifiy shortcomings of the peer review process, devise ways to rectify the shortcomings, and lobby Congress to impliement the reforms and to enact effective enforcement mechanisms, If Congress has a trust obligation to allocate public funds in the fairest way possible therefore (ArgScheme: MP) If Congress has a trust obligation to allocate public funds in the fairest way possible and If earmarks are obscure, lack peer review, lack scrutiny of public hearings and members of congress lack the time and staff to find offensive earmarks, then earmarks undermine the integrity of Congress (AU=Minge), earmarks represent a process that is obscure, lack peer review, lack scrutiny of public hearings therefore (ArgScheme: MP) If Congress has a trust obligation to allocate public funds in the fairest way possible and If earmarks are obscure, lack peer review, lack scrutiny of public hearings and members of congress lack the time and staff to find offensive earmarks, then earmarks undermine the integrity of Congress (AU=Minge), universities pay lip service to peer review and collectively condemn earmarks therefore (Argscheme: MP) if universities pay lip service to peer review and collectively condemn earmarks then earmarks undermine the intregrity of Institutions of Higher Education, Earmarks undermine the integrity of Institutions of Higher Education therefore (ArchScheme: Modus Ponens AU=Minge) If earmarks undermine the integrity of Congress and Institutions of Higher Education and peer review is a better process for allocating funds than earmarks then Congress should allocate funds for research using public standards that are clear and transparent and should work with universities to identify shortcomings of the peer review process, devise ways to rectify the shortcomings, and enact effective enforcement mechanisms (AU=Minge), earmarks represent a process that is obscure, lack peer review, lack scrutiny of public hearings therefore (ArgScheme: MP) Earmarks undermine the integrity of Congress, If Congress has a trust obligation to allocate public funds in the fairest way possible therefore (ArgScheme: MP) Earmarks undermine the integrity of Congress