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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Topic 6 Counfounding, design of study method such as matching, Confounders example relationship between birth order and prevalence of Downs syndrome, Confounders criteria C must be in independent risk factor for D, Confounders is a variable or factor that confuses the relationshop being examined, Confounders criteria C must be associated with E in the study population, relationship between birth order and prevalence of Downs syndrome ???? prevalence of Downs increases with birth order, design of study method such as restriction (use of inclusion/exclusion criteria), prevalence of Downs increases with birth order confounding variable is Maternal age, which also increases with birth order, Exposure (birth order) Disease (Down syndrome), Confounders can be controlled for through analysis of data, Exposure (birth order) confounding variable (maternal age), Disease (Down syndrome) confounding variable (maternal age), Confounders criteria C is not on the causal pathway between D & E, design of study method such as randomisation, design of study method such as analysis stage (stratification and modelling), Confounders can be controlled for through design of study method