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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Ocular Surgeries, Eye Removal Surgeries there are three types of eye removal surgeries Exenteration *scroll over*, Ocular Surgeries/Procedures. such as Entropion Repair, Eye Removal Surgeries there are three types of eye removal surgeries Enucleation, Entropion Correction Surgical Intervention Hotz-Celsus, Enucleation Transpalpebral method Advantages 1. Ensures complete removal of the conjunctiva 2. Reduction of risk of orbital contamination with cases of corneal or conjunctival infection. Disadvanatages 1. Leaves a larger void which cretaes more dead space. This makes suturing more difficult and a larger orbital depression is left behind., Intra-operative considerations The eyelid and hair around the eye of the animal was firstly shaved and clipped and and the skin cleaned using Diluted Povidone Iodine solution about four inches all around the surgical site. The eyelid was then sutured shut in a simple continuous pattern using a hypodermic needle. A scalpel was then used to create elliptical incisions both dorsally, ventrally and at the lateral canthus of the orbit, the medial canthus was left intact at this time. A pair of curved mayo scissors was then used to blunt dissect around the globe and into the orbital fissure while moderate tension was kept on the sutures prior placed in the eyelids (too much tension could damage the optic nerve and affect the opposite eye). When all of the connective tissue around and behind the globe had been dissected and the muscles anchoring the globe to the orbit had been dissected, the medial canthus was then incised and a curved haemostat was used to clamp the stalk at the base of the globe which was then dissected to separate the globe from the bony orbit. The eye was then removed and any remaining soft tissue within the orbit was cut away, the empty orbit was then packed with gauze for about two minutes to ensure proper hamostasis and then the skin over the orbit was sutured shut, again using a hypodermic needle and 3metric vicryl in a simple interrupted pattern., Entropion Correction Surgical Intervention Temporary Tacking, Exenteration *scroll over* Divided into intra-operative considerations, Entropion Correction Surgical Intervention Wedge Resection, Exenteration *scroll over* Divided into Pre-operative considerations, Pre-operative considerations The Cow was restrained using a rope halter and then sedated using 2% xylazine at 0.025mg/kg. Pre-emptive analgesia was given using 5% Flunixin-meglumine at 1.1mg/Kg and Penicillin- Streptomycin was given at 20 000IU. (see attached for calculations). Emergency Drugs kept on hand included 10% Tolazoline (reversal agent of xylazine), 0.1% Epinephrine (in case of anaphylactic shock) and 1.5% atropine (as a reversal of bradycardia) Finally, both an Auriculopalbebral block and a Peterson's block were done (please scroll over)., Pre-operative considerations Signalment: A 3 year old, 200kg Cow. Physical exam findings: Cow appeared bright, alert and responsive. TPR and CRT were within normal limits. BCS 3 out of 5. On ocular examination a light pink raised cauliflower-like mass was observed on the conjunctiva of the left eye. (scroll over for further information) She was given an ASA grade of 2 and the decision was made to conduct an exenteration to completely remove the affected eye., Ocular Surgeries/Procedures. such as Eye Removal Surgeries, Enucleation Transconjunctival method Advantages 1. Better cosmetic result as periorbital fat and extraocular muscles are retained. 2. Less traumatic and less haemorrhage. 3. Better exposure of the optic nerve and orbital vessels Disadvantages 1. Any infectious organisms in the conjunctival sac are introduced to the orbit once the conjunctival sac is breached. 2. More tissue left behind. Not desireable with there is extension of tumour cells., Eye Removal Surgeries there are three types of eye removal surgeries Evisceration *scroll over*, Exenteration *scroll over* Divided into Post-operative considerations, Temporary Tacking Procedure, Entropion Correction Clincical Signs, Entropion Correction Medical Intervention Sub-cutaneous Injection, Ocular Surgeries/Procedures. such as Subconjunctival injection