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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Animal Learning Wyatt Ch. 4 final 101218, improved survival of an individual including Scrub jays behave differently when alone vs in the presence of an "observer" scrub jay, improved survival of an individual including avoidance of poisonous prey or food, numerous adaptive functions relating to improved survival of an individual, Gene regulatory mechanisms act leading to production of transcription factors that turn on/off genes, making & using tools (physically altering the structure of the item for a new use) for example Chimpanzees strip leaves from sticks to form a "termite fishing" tool & to dig for burrowing bees and edible roots, learning within a group which involves social learning, Animal Learning has numerous adaptive functions, which alleles of a gene get expressed (FoxP2 gene in vocal learning) upon which Gene regulatory mechanisms act, thousands of seeds in various areas ("scatter-hoarding" behavior) in the fall and retrieve these thoughout the winter when food is scarce, Great Tits ("chickadees"): (flocks include young and adults) for example scientists created an artificial tradition, birds learn to associate the warning colors of poisonous butterflies ("Aposematic" warning) specifically Monarch butterfly caterpillars and adults advertise their aposematic "watrning" colorations, learning within a group which involves cultural transmission of "traditions", learning behaviors within a generation (horizontal / lateral transmission) & often involves both types of learning between members in the social group, retrieve these thoughout the winter when food is scarce for which brain size increases (autumn: Clark's nutcracker: hippocampus) (when foragers: honeybees: "mushroom body"), male chickadees were taught how to open puzzle boxes in one of two ways to obtain food. The male chickadees were sent back to their original population resulting in the separate populations learning how to open the puzzle boxes in the exact way the demonstrator male chickadees were taught, improved foraging success for example Clark's nutcrackers (birds), both types of learning between members in the social group for example Macaque's learning to wash potatos: in which a young Macaque initiated behavior, passed it to peers, and then parents learned it from young., Coditioning & Trial-and-Error and retaining memories to influence future behaviors, making & using tools (physically altering the structure of the item for a new use) for example New Caledonian crows using a hooked stick to remove bettles from tree bark (retain terminal twig on branch), learn the location of honey by sticking out their proboscis to taste the nectar and then smelling it with their antennae enabling them to remember where the flower patches are for future "forays"