PRELUDE OF MAMMARY GLAND and Teat
SUSPENSORY SYSTEM OF UDDER and Teat
DUCTS AND CISTERNS OF UDDER and Teat
NEURAL SYSTEM OF UDDER and Teat
BLOOD SUPPLY OF UDDER and Teat
AFFECTIONS OF UDDER and Teat
ANATOMY OF UDDER and Teat
3. Prelude تمہيد
• The mammary gland is a modified sweat gland that nourishes the
young. It consists of the mamma and the teat
• Undeveloped in both the male and female at birth
• The female mammary gland begins to develop as a secondary sex
characteristic at puberty
• With the birth of the first young, and first lactation, the mammary
gland attains its full size and function.
• When suckling by the young stops, milk production ceases and the
gland regresses. Shortly before the next and subsequent
parturitions, the gland is stimulated by hormonal changes to
produce milk.
3
5. Suspensory System
• Required to maintain
proper attachments of
the gland to the body
• Skin gland therefore
external to the body
cavity.
5
6. 7 Structures
1. Skin
2. Superficial fascia or Areolar subcutaneous tissue
3. Coarse areolar or cordlike tissue
4. Subpelvic tendon
5. Superficial layers of lateral suspensory ligament
6. Deep lateral suspensory ligament
7. Median Suspensory Ligament
6
7. Minor supports
1. Skin covering the gland is only of very minor
support.
2. Superficial fascia or Areolar subcutaneous
tissue - This attaches the skin to underlying
the tissue. It, too is only of minor support for
the cow's udder.
7
8. 3.Coarse areolar or cordlike tissue
• This tissue forms a loose bond between the dorsal
surface of the front quarters and abdominal wall.
• Referred to as the fore-quarter attachments
dairy cattle conformation.
• Function/Purpose :Keep the fore quarters closely
attached to the body wall
• Weakening the udder to break away from
abdominal wall.
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9. 4. Subpelvic tendon
• Not actually part of the suspensory apparatus
but gives rise to the superficial & deep
lateral suspensory ligaments.
• It is not a continuous tissue sheet but is
attached to the pelvis at several points.
Prefix “SUB” means “under,” “below,” “beneath”
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10. 5.Superficial layers of lateral
suspensory ligament
• Arises from the subpelvic tendon (fibrous
tissue with some elastic tissue)
• They extend downward and forward from the
pubic area. When it reaches the udder it
spreads out, continuing downward over the
external udder surface beneath the skin and
attaching to the areolar tissue.
10
12. 6.Deep lateral suspensory ligament
• Arises from the subpelvic tendon thicker than the
superficial layer
• fibrous tissue they do not stretch as the gland fills with
milk )
• It extends down over the udder and almost enveloping it.
The ligament attaches to the convex lateral surfaces of the
udder by numerous lamellae (divide parenchyma into lobe
and lobule)
• The left and right lateral suspensory ligaments do not join
under the bottom of the udder
12
13. 7.Median Suspensory Ligament
• This is the most important
part of the suspensory system
in cattle.
Composition :two adjacent heavy
yellow elastic sheets of tissue
Origin :the abdominal wall
Insertion: medial flat surfaces of
the two udder halves.
Location: the center of gravity of
the udder
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14. Median Suspensory Ligament
• Even if rest of the layers
are cut away except for
the median suspensory
ligament, the gland
stays balanced under
the animal.
14
15. Median Suspensory Ligament
Properties
1. Great tensile strength.
2. Able to stretch somewhat ( the gland fills with milk to allow for
the increased weight of the gland)
3. Balanced suspension
4. Partially separates the left and right halves of the udder.
5. Front and rear quarters are separated by a thin membrane and is
not recognizable to the eye.
6. There is NO internal crossover of the milk duct system of the
quarters (glands).
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17. Teats - (papilla mammae)
• The teat functions as the
only exit for the secretion
from the gland and the only
means for the calf to
receive milk.
• One teat drains one gland.
• No hair
• No sweat glands
• No sebacious glands
Length
(inch)
Diameter
(inch)
Fore teat 2.6 1.1
Rear teat 2.1 1.0
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18. Streak canal - (ductus papillaris)
• Functions as the only orifice of the gland between
internal milk secretory system and the external
environment.
• It is the main barrier against intramammary infection.
• It is lined with a skin-like epidermis that forms the
keratin material that has antibacterial properties.
• The streak canal is kept closed by sphincter muscles
around the streak canal
• Canal patency decreases and streak canal length
increases with increasing lactation number
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20. Furstenburg's rosette
• Mucosal folds of the streak canal lining at the
internal end of the canal.
• It may fold over the canal opening due to
pressure when the udder is full
• It may be a major point of entry for leukocytes
leaving the teat lining and entering into the teat
cistern
20
21. Cricoid rings - (Annular folds)
• Region at the proximal end of the teat cistern
that marks the boundary between the teat
cistern and the gland cistern.
• These are not always recognizable in the
dissected gland.
21
22. Ducts and Cisterns
• Between the teat and the large ducts are open
areas called cisterns.
• A cistern is a large cavity where milk can
collect between milkings.
22
23. Teat cistern (Sinus papillaris)
• The cavity within the teat.
• Continuous with the gland cistern.
• Lined with numerous longitudinal and circular folds in
the mucosa, which form pockets on the inner lining of
the teat.
• During milk letdown, the teat cistern fills with milk. It is
this milk, and some of the milk in the gland cistern just
above the teat cistern, that is removed with each
sucking action of the calf.
23
24. Gland Cisterns - (sinus lactiferus)
• Also called the udder cistern.
• It opens directly into the teat cistern.
• The cisterns function for milk storage (holds
~100-400 ml).
• The gland cistern varies greatly in size and shape.
There are often pockets formed in the cistern at
the end of the larger ducts.
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26. Connective tissue
• Connective tissue
– fibrous connective tissue of the parenchymal
tissue
– the fatty tissue of the fat pad
– capillary bed
26
27. Cont…
• The fat pad is required
for correct
development of the
parenchymal
components as the
ducts branch and grow
into the fat pad.
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28. Alveoli - (acini)
• An alveolus is the discrete milk producing unit
• surrounded by contractile myoepithelial
cells hormone oxytocin squeeze alveolar
lumen
• A group of alveoli can be visualized as a clump
of grapes, with the stems acting as the small
ducts leading from the alveoli
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30. Neural system
Innervation inside of the udder is sparse compared with other tissues.
• Sympathetic nerves
– These are the nerves that associate with the arteries.
– They do not innervate the alveoli.
• Sensory nerves present in teats and skin.
– Initiating the afferent pathway (neural pathway) of the milk ejection
reflex
• No parasympathetic innervation to the gland similar to other skin
glands.
30
31. Cont…
• No innervation of the secretory system.
• Mypepithelial cells are not innervated.
– Myoepithelial cells do not contract in response to
direct innervation, but rather contract in
response to the blood-borne hormone, oxytocin.
• Few nerves go to the interior of the udder.
That means that performing a biopsy of the gland to collect tissue can be
done with only local anesthetic administered to the skin. 31
32. Blood vascular system
• On avg.400 - 500 units of blood passes through
the udder for each unit of milk synthesized by a
high producing dairy cow; that is ~280 ml per
sec.
• Total udder blood volume of total body blood
volume
– for lactating cows about 8%
– for a non-lactating cow it is about 7.4%
32
34. Heart abdominal aorta
Towards the rear
of the cow
Pubic area
common iliac
arteries
Internal iliac External iliac
femoral artery
(supplies leg
muscles)
caudal epigastric
artery
Artery external
pudic
External pudic
vein
(2-3 cm dia.).
Venous flow
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36. Venous flow
Anterior end
of the front
quarters
Subcutaneous
abdominal
vein (milk
vein)
abdominal
wall
(1-2.5 cm dia)
Enter body at
xiphoid
Vena cava
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41. Congenital anomalies
1- Absence of the udder:
Is exceedingly rare and only met with in cases
of hermaphrodism.
2- Supernumarary glands:
Occurs only in multi - parous animals.
3- Absence of the teat.
41
42. 1.Supernumerary teats
• This may occur and can be present anywhere on
the udder but are most frequently seen posterior
to the last two normally - placed teats.
• These additional number teats may or may not
have adjacent glandular tissue that will become
functional.
• If there is a glandular tissue that has a functional
potential, it will atrophy if not milked.
42
43. Problems
• Cosmetic reasons
• Some may be so close to normally placed
teats that they interfere with milking
procedures.
43
44. Treatment & Procedure:
• Amputate young heifer (before the gland
becomes active)
• 1 % local anesthetic elleptical incision
including the necessary teat Crush tissue
suture skin (interrupted pattern)
44
45. 2.Contracted sphincter or teat orifice
"hard milker"
• May be congenital
• May be acquired result of trauma to the
end of the teat
• There is a small stream of milk, and the
stenotic teat orifice prolonged milking
time.
45
46. Problems
• There may be loss of milk due to incomplete
milking
• Trauma to the teat due to attempts to obtain
more rapidly by sternuous milking methods
46
47. Treatment
• Local infiltration anesthesia or instillation of 5 ml of 2 % xylocain or
similar local anesthetic into the teat canal will provide anesthesia.
• The orifice should be cleansed, antiseptic applied, and the orifice
enlarged.
• The enlarging procedure may be accompalished by the inserting of
a lichty teat knife, ringed teat slittr or stoll teat bistoury.
• The opening in the sphincter is maintained at the desired size by
inserting a Larson teat tube and leaving it in place for 5 - 7 days.
Milking is accompalished by removing the cap of the tube.
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50. 3.Enlarged teat orifice
"Free Milker" or (Leaker)
• This condition is due to a relaxed or a
traumatized sphincter.
• Milk leaks from the teat at times other than
milking and result in milk loss.
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51. Treatment
• The condition may be helped by injecting minute
amounts of sterile mineral oil or lugol's solution
around the orifice to reduces its size to the
desired effect.
• This may have to be done more than once to
obtain the optimal size for milk flow.
• If it is overcorrected result in stenosis
51
52. 4. Occlusion of the teat orifice
• May be CONGENITAL anomaly characterized by the occlusion of the
teat orifice deposit the teat fills with milk at the time of lactation.
• May also be ACQUIRED as a result of trauma at the teat orifice that
result in healing with occlusion.
Treatment:
• Local anestheticInsert a septic hypodermic needle where the
opening should be locatedInsert the needle into the teat canal
until milk flows out then withdraw the needle and enlarge the
opening as described for contracted sphincter
Occlusion =
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53. 5.Teat Fistula(milk fistula)
• An opening in the wall
of the teat, connecting
the exterior to the pre-
existing channel, the
teat canal is
characterized by
persistant outflow of
milk.
May be congenital or acquired
53
54. 6.Teat Fistula (milk fistula)
Size variation:
• Sometime so tiny
difficult to locate
• large ones through which
the mucous membrane may
be seen.
Symptoms: The outstanding
signs consist of tract and
milk coming through it at
milking time.
54
Fistula: an abnormal or surgically made passage between a hollow or tubular organ and
the body surface, or between two hollow or tubular organs.
55. Treatment
1. Prepared for aseptic surgery by washing the field of the operation
with soap and water, swap with alcohol (Tincture iodine should
never be used because of its marked irritant effect)
2. local infiltration anesthesia of the wound edges a ring block
tournquet
3. rubber tube at the base of the teat much high as possible to
secure hemorrhage during the operation
4. Apply a teat siphon to guard against injuring tissues of the other
side and to avoid excessive trimming.
5. Debride wounded edges suturing (vertical mattress )
6. Dusting the site with an antibiotic powder.
55
56. Cont..
• Siphoning the milk
every now and then (2 -
3 days).
• Intrammary infusion of
terramycine udder
ointment to guard
against mastitis.
• Apply the teat bougie
56
57. 7.Haematoma Of The Udder
• Common in cattle having
pendulous udder
contusion and rupture of
a subcutaneous blood
vessels. The condition is
characterized by its
sudden onset and
fluctuency.
Contusion :a region of injured tissue or skin in
which blood capillaries have been ruptured 57
58. Treatment
• Small haematomas of the udder should never be opened
immediately.
– Opening the haematoma is after a week post occurance.
– The blood clot is removed and the cavity is painted with tincture
of iodine.
– The cavity is then packed tightly to guard against further
bleeding.
• Large haematomas in front of the udder should not be
opened till the blood is clotted, usually after 10 days and
proceed as before.
58
59. 8.Lactiferous Calculi (Milk Stones)
• Milk stones which are found in the udder may result
from accumulation of lime salts of milk over a point of
crystalization.
• May be desquamated epithelium.
• Sometimes, these calculi are freely movable in the teat
canal if their sizes relatively smaller than the diameter
of the canal.
• When being larger in size, they obstruct the lumen of
the teat canal.
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61. Treatment
• If the calculi are of small size, they can be
removed by manipulation during milking.
• Larger calculi obstructing the teat canal can be
crushed by means of special forceps.
• In other cases of milk stones, it may be necessary
to enlarge the opening at the end of the teat by
cutting through the sphincter of the teat canal
one or more times.
61
62. 9.Abscess Of The Udder
• Generally, abscess formations most commonly occurs secondary to the traumatic
wound.
It may occur as a result of
• infection of a haematoma beneath the skin
• chronic mastitis the paranchyma of the udder
• supramammary lymphadenitis
Treatment:
• Following confirmation of diagnosis, the treatment should be done on the general
principals for treatment of abscesses.
• Multiple abscesses mastectomy (partial or total) according the involvement of
one quarter or more on the entire udder, is then indicated.
• If there is involvement of the supramammary lymph node, lymphadenitis,
purelenta, it should be extirpated(eradicate or destroy completely)
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64. Teat laceration
• Higher in goats(pendulous udder and long teats)
• Etiology-Direct injury
• Superficial wounds
• Large wounds – involving skin and muscularis but
not mucosa. suture
• Deep lacerations – involve mucosa, a complete
longitudinal tearing.
64
One way to demonstrate this is to infuse a dye into the teat and duct system of one quarter of an udder from a cow that has been culled from the herd and killed. Then when the udder is cut open, the dye will be seen only in the infused quarter and will not be seen in the other quarters
