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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Abnormalities, ABNORMALITIES ???? Third eyelid flap, ABNORMALITIES ???? Entropion, The etiology or causes of the need for a third eyelid flap in cattle can vary, but it typically arises in response to conditions that result in corneal injury or inflammation. Some of the common underlying causes include: Corneal Ulcers: Corneal ulcers are a common reason for the need for a third eyelid flap. These ulcers can develop due to trauma, foreign objects in the eye, bacterial or fungal infections, or other irritants. Eye Infections: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections of the eye can cause severe inflammation and damage to the cornea, leading to the need for protective measures like a third eyelid flap. Conjunctivitis: Severe conjunctivitis, which is inflammation of the conjunctiva (the mucous membrane covering the front of the eye), can contribute to corneal damage and necessitate protective surgery. Injury or Trauma: Physical trauma to the eye, such as from blunt force, sharp objects, or foreign bodies, can result in corneal injuries that require surgical intervention. Other Eye Conditions: Certain eye conditions, such as entropion (inward rolling of the eyelids), may cause recurrent irritation and damage to the cornea, making a third eyelid flap necessary for protection during the healing process. Treament Flap Positioning: The flap is carefully positioned over the affected eye, covering the cornea or conjunctiva. It acts as a protective barrier, reducing exposure to external irritants and promoting a moist environment for healing. Suturing: The free end of the third eyelid flap is sutured to the adjacent tissues of the eye. The sutures are placed precisely to ensure the flap remains in position., Some potential causes and considerations related to ectropion in cattle include: Congenital Factors: Ectropion can be congenital, meaning cattle may be born with eyelids that are naturally predisposed to turn outward. This genetic predisposition can be seen in certain cattle breeds. Environmental Factors: Harsh environmental conditions, such as exposure to strong winds, dust, or excessive sunlight, can contribute to eye irritation and ectropion. Chronic exposure to environmental elements can gradually lead to the condition. Facial Nerve Paralysis: In some cases, facial nerve paralysis, which affects the muscles controlling eyelid movement, can lead to ectropion in cattle. This paralysis may result from trauma or other underlying health issues. Infections or Inflammation: Eye infections or inflammatory conditions in cattle can cause swelling of the eyelids, which may result in the eyelids turning outward. Age-Related Changes: Ectropion can develop in older cattle as the skin and muscles of the eyelids lose their elasticity and tone over time. Ectropion in cattle can lead to several potential problems, including: Increased susceptibility to eye infections. Conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva). Exposure of the cornea to environmental irritants, which can result in corneal damage. Discomfort and watering of the eyes. Treatment Treatment options for ectropion in cattle may include: Manual Correction: In some cases, a veterinarian may attempt to manually reposition the eyelids to their normal position, thereby reducing the outward rolling. However, this is often a temporary solution and may require repeated correction. Surgery: Surgical correction is often the most effective and long-lasting treatment for ectropion in cattle. Various surgical techniques may be used, including eyelid shortening or modification to improve eyelid position and function. Medication: Veterinarians may prescribe medications to manage any secondary infections or inflammation associated with ectropion., Entropion What is it? Entropion is a condition where the eyelid margins are inverted or roll inwards, causing the eyelashes and hair to irritate and encounter the surface of the eye, potentially affecting one or both eyelids and the corners of the eyes (canthi). It can also develop because of scar tissue formation or severe blepharospasm due to pain in or around the eye. When eyelashes or facial hairs turn inward, it can lead to discomfort, irritation of the conjunctiva and cornea, and, if left untreated, can result in corneal scarring, pigmentation changes, and corneal ulcers. "In cases of early spastic entropion, it may be reversed by promptly addressing the underlying cause or by temporarily repositioning the eyelid hairs away from the eyeball using sutures at the eyelid margin. For puppies, calves, foals, and sheep, temporary eyelid-tacking sutures or surgical staples can be employed to treat entropion, leaving them in place for 2-3 weeks. In foals, calves, and lambs, entropion may be secondary to enophthalmos caused by mild dehydration or corneal ulcers. These cases should be managed with temporary eyelid-tacking sutures and treatment for corneal ulcers if present . Primary entropion surgery is not recommended for foals or lambs as it can result in significant cicatricial ectropion as the animal matures., Ectropion Ectropion is a loose, outwardly turned eyelid margin, typically accompanied by a wide palpebral fissure and elongated eyelid exposing inner surface of the eyelids, including conjunctiva to the environments . Unilateral ectropion can also occur due to eyelid contracture from scarring or facial nerve paralysis in any species. Exposure of the conjunctiva to environmental irritants and secondary bacterial infections can lead to chronic or recurring conjunctivitis. Mild cases can be managed with topical anti-inflammatory medications, periodic eyewash lavage, and lubrication using topical gel or ointment. Surgical eyelid-shortening procedures are usually recommended to restore normal eyelid function and provide adequate protection for the eye. Causes Some potential causes and considerations related to ectropion in cattle include: Congenital Factors: Ectropion can be congenital, meaning cattle may be born with eyelids that are naturally predisposed to turn outward. This genetic predisposition can be seen in certain cattle breeds. Environmental Factors: Harsh environmental conditions, such as exposure to strong winds, dust, or excessive sunlight, can contribute to eye irritation and ectropion. Chronic exposure to environmental elements can gradually lead to the condition. Facial Nerve Paralysis: In some cases, facial nerve paralysis, which affects the muscles controlling eyelid movement, can lead to ectropion in cattle. This paralysis may result from trauma or other underlying health issues. Infections or Inflammation: Eye infections or inflammatory conditions in cattle can cause swelling of the eyelids, which may result in the eyelids turning outward. Age-Related Changes: Ectropion can develop in older cattle as the skin and muscles of the eyelids lose their elasticity and tone over time. Ectropion in cattle can lead to several potential problems, including: Increased susceptibility to eye infections. Conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva). Exposure of the cornea to environmental irritants, which can result in corneal damage. Discomfort and watering of the eyes., Eyelid laceration What it is? An eyelid laceration in cattle refers to a tear or cut in the tissue of the eyelid. This condition occurs when the eyelid sustains an injury, often due to trauma, accidents, sharp objects, or fights with other animals. Eyelid lacerations in cattle can vary in severity, ranging from minor cuts to more extensive injuries that may involve the eyelid margin, eyelashes, or even the globe of the eye itself., The term "third eyelid flap" in cattle refers to a surgical procedure where a portion of the third eyelid, also known as the nictitating membrane, is used to create a protective flap over the affected eye, usually to manage corneal injuries or ulcers. This procedure is not a condition with its own etiology; rather, it is a treatment approach used in response to various underlying eye conditions. Causes The etiology or causes of the need for a third eyelid flap in cattle can vary, but it typically arises in response to conditions that result in corneal injury or inflammation. Some of the common underlying causes include: Corneal Ulcers: Corneal ulcers are a common reason for the need for a third eyelid flap. These ulcers can develop due to trauma, foreign objects in the eye, bacterial or fungal infections, or other irritants. Eye Infections: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections of the eye can cause severe inflammation and damage to the cornea, leading to the need for protective measures like a third eyelid flap. Conjunctivitis: Severe conjunctivitis, which is inflammation of the conjunctiva (the mucous membrane covering the front of the eye), can contribute to corneal damage and necessitate protective surgery. Injury or Trauma: Physical trauma to the eye, such as from blunt force, sharp objects, or foreign bodies, can result in corneal injuries that require surgical intervention. Other Eye Conditions: Certain eye conditions, such as entropion (inward rolling of the eyelids), may cause recurrent irritation and damage to the cornea, making a third eyelid flap necessary for protection during the healing process., An eyelid laceration in cattle refers to a tear or cut in the tissue of the eyelid. This condition occurs when the eyelid sustains an injury, often due to trauma, accidents, sharp objects, or fights with other animals. Eyelid lacerations in cattle can vary in severity, ranging from minor cuts to more extensive injuries that may involve the eyelid margin, eyelashes, or even the globe of the eye itself. causes Trauma is one of the primary causes of eyelid lacerations in cattle. Traumatic incidents may include: • Blunt force trauma, such as a collision with a solid object or a kick from another animal. • Sharp object injuries, like contact with sharp branches, wire fencing, or other objects with rough or sharp edges. • Barbed wire injuries, which can cause severe lacerations due to the nature of barbed wire fencing. Fighting or Aggressive Behavior: In cattle herds, particularly among bulls or during territorial disputes, aggressive behavior and fighting can lead to eyelid injuries. Biting or striking one another can result in lacerations. Accidents: Accidental events on the farm or during transport can also lead to eyelid lacerations. These accidents may involve collisions with vehicles, gates, or equipment. Environmental Hazards: Certain environmental hazards, such as thorny bushes or trees with sharp branches, can pose a risk of eye and eyelid injuries if cattle come into contact with them. While less common, eyelid lacerations can sometimes occur due to underlying eye infections that weaken the tissue around the eye. The presence of foreign objects, such as debris, splinters, or pieces of wire, near the eye or within the eyelid area can cause irritation, which may lead to self-inflicted lacerations as the cattle attempt to remove the foreign material. Improper handling of cattle during procedures or examinations can result in accidental injuries, including eyelid lacerations., Entropion is a condition where the eyelid margins are inverted or roll inwards, causing the eyelashes and hair to irritate and encounter the surface of the eye, potentially affecting one or both eyelids and the corners of the eyes (canthi). It can also develop because of scar tissue formation or severe blepharospasm due to pain in or around the eye. When eyelashes or facial hairs turn inward, it can lead to discomfort, irritation of the conjunctiva and cornea, and, if left untreated, can result in corneal scarring, pigmentation changes, and corneal ulcers. "In cases of early spastic entropion, it may be reversed by promptly addressing the underlying cause or by temporarily repositioning the eyelid hairs away from the eyeball using sutures at the eyelid margin. For puppies, calves, foals, and sheep, temporary eyelid-tacking sutures or surgical staples can be employed to treat entropion, leaving them in place for 2-3 weeks. In foals, calves, and lambs, entropion may be secondary to enophthalmos caused by mild dehydration or corneal ulcers. These cases should be managed with temporary eyelid-tacking sutures and treatment for corneal ulcers if present . Primary entropion surgery is not recommended for foals or lambs as it can result in significant cicatricial ectropion as the animal matures. Causes The primary causes of entropion in cattle include: Potential causes of entropion include congenital, hereditary, cicatricial, spastic, and acquired. Common acquired causes are enophthalmos, dehydration, extraocular muscle atrophy, or phthisis bulbi. Cicatricial entropion is typically caused by trauma and leads to fibrosis and scarring of the eyelid, commonly causing skin contraction and involution of the eyelid. Trichiasis results from the involution of the eyelid margin, often leading to ulcerative and nonulcerative keratitis. The underlying cause and severity of entropion typically influence the treatment chosen. Congenital Factors: Some cattle may be born with a genetic predisposition to entropion, which means they have eyelids that naturally turn inward. Trauma: In some cases, physical injury or trauma to the eye area can lead to the development of entropion. Infections or Inflammation: Eye infections or inflammatory conditions in cattle can cause irritation and swelling of the eyelids, leading to entropion. Environmental Factors: Harsh environmental conditions, such as exposure to strong winds or dust, can contribute to eye irritation and, over time, may lead to entropion. Entropion in cattle can cause a range of problems, including corneal abrasions, ulcers, conjunctivitis, and discomfort. If left untreated, it can result in vision impairment or even blindness., ABNORMALITIES ???? Eyelid laceration, Trauma is one of the primary causes of eyelid lacerations in cattle. Traumatic incidents may include: • Blunt force trauma, such as a collision with a solid object or a kick from another animal. • Sharp object injuries, like contact with sharp branches, wire fencing, or other objects with rough or sharp edges. • Barbed wire injuries, which can cause severe lacerations due to the nature of barbed wire fencing. Fighting or Aggressive Behavior: In cattle herds, particularly among bulls or during territorial disputes, aggressive behavior and fighting can lead to eyelid injuries. Biting or striking one another can result in lacerations. Accidents: Accidental events on the farm or during transport can also lead to eyelid lacerations. These accidents may involve collisions with vehicles, gates, or equipment. Environmental Hazards: Certain environmental hazards, such as thorny bushes or trees with sharp branches, can pose a risk of eye and eyelid injuries if cattle come into contact with them. While less common, eyelid lacerations can sometimes occur due to underlying eye infections that weaken the tissue around the eye. The presence of foreign objects, such as debris, splinters, or pieces of wire, near the eye or within the eyelid area can cause irritation, which may lead to self-inflicted lacerations as the cattle attempt to remove the foreign material. Improper handling of cattle during procedures or examinations can result in accidental injuries, including eyelid lacerations. Treament Laceration Repair: The specific method used to repair the laceration depends on its size and location: Primary Closure: For small, clean lacerations, the wound edges are sutured together using non-absorbable sutures. Care is taken to align the eyelid margins accurately. Tension-Relieving Techniques: In cases of larger lacerations or those involving the eyelid margin, techniques like everting sutures or lid-splint sutures may be used to relieve tension and ensure proper alignment. Flap Procedures: In more complex cases, skin flaps or grafts may be utilized to reconstruct the eyelid. Suture Placement: Sutures are placed with precision to ensure proper wound closure. Attention is given to the alignment of the eyelid margins and the avoidance of suture-related issues., ECTROPION What is it? Ectropion Ectropion is a loose, outwardly turned eyelid margin, typically accompanied by a wide palpebral fissure and elongated eyelid exposing inner surface of the eyelids, including conjunctiva to the environments . Unilateral ectropion can also occur due to eyelid contracture from scarring or facial nerve paralysis in any species. Exposure of the conjunctiva to environmental irritants and secondary bacterial infections can lead to chronic or recurring conjunctivitis. Mild cases can be managed with topical anti-inflammatory medications, periodic eyewash lavage, and lubrication using topical gel or ointment. Surgical eyelid-shortening procedures are usually recommended to restore normal eyelid function and provide adequate protection for the eye., Third eyelid flap What it is? The term "third eyelid flap" in cattle refers to a surgical procedure where a portion of the third eyelid, also known as the nictitating membrane, is used to create a protective flap over the affected eye, usually to manage corneal injuries or ulcers. This procedure is not a condition with its own etiology; rather, it is a treatment approach used in response to various underlying eye conditions., The primary causes of entropion in cattle include: Potential causes of entropion include congenital, hereditary, cicatricial, spastic, and acquired. Common acquired causes are enophthalmos, dehydration, extraocular muscle atrophy, or phthisis bulbi. Cicatricial entropion is typically caused by trauma and leads to fibrosis and scarring of the eyelid, commonly causing skin contraction and involution of the eyelid. Trichiasis results from the involution of the eyelid margin, often leading to ulcerative and nonulcerative keratitis. The underlying cause and severity of entropion typically influence the treatment chosen. Congenital Factors: Some cattle may be born with a genetic predisposition to entropion, which means they have eyelids that naturally turn inward. Trauma: In some cases, physical injury or trauma to the eye area can lead to the development of entropion. Infections or Inflammation: Eye infections or inflammatory conditions in cattle can cause irritation and swelling of the eyelids, leading to entropion. Environmental Factors: Harsh environmental conditions, such as exposure to strong winds or dust, can contribute to eye irritation and, over time, may lead to entropion. Entropion in cattle can cause a range of problems, including corneal abrasions, ulcers, conjunctivitis, and discomfort. If left untreated, it can result in vision impairment or even blindness. Treatment Treatment options for entropion in cattle may include: Manual Correction: In some cases, a veterinarian may manually correct the position of the eyelids by gently rolling them outward to their normal position. This is typically a temporary solution and may need to be repeated. Surgery: Surgical correction is often the most effective and long-term treatment for entropion in cattle. The procedure involves altering the eyelid structure to prevent it from rolling inward. Various surgical techniques may be employed, and the choice of method depends on the severity of the condition. Medication: Veterinarians may prescribe ointments or eye drops to manage any secondary eye infections or inflammation associated with entropion., ABNORMALITIES ???? Ectropion