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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Haven_HOA3_Central_Dogma_and_Woese, 1978-1990 This created a large debate among scientists about the nature of evolution and if the common ancestor could be elucidated. Many scientists disagreed that Woese's techniques actually represented anything. Others questioned the actual inclusion of a new domain. It was not until many scientists had characterized thousands of species of Archaea, and analyzed their differences did they conclude that these three domains are in fact fundamentally different. 3,4 2010 Though not a new debate per say, new research based largely on Woese has brought up a new debate as to whether Viruses should be considered alive. Apparently, new research has been found that giant viruses have "blurred the lines between cells and viruses." The old debate has been refreshed, and currently, there is not an concession as to the basic understanding of classification and life. 4, 1953 Watson and Crick with the "help of Rosland Franklin" Discovered the three dimensional structure of DNA. This revolutionized the understanding of DNA and allowed for much of the scientific and technological advances that have occurred in since that time. 1 1958 Meselson and Stahl used nitrogen isotopes to illustrate the semiconservative replication of DNA. There were three competing hypothesis during this time (semiconservative - that each strand forms a separate template, conservative - the entire DNA molecule acts a template, and dispersive - that replicated in short segments). 1,3, 1978-1990 This created a large debate among scientists about the nature of evolution and if the common ancestor could be elucidated. Many scientists disagreed that Woese's techniques actually represented anything. Others questioned the actual inclusion of a new domain. It was not until many scientists had characterized thousands of species of Archaea, and analyzed their differences did they conclude that these three domains are in fact fundamentally different. 3,4 1990 - Current These understandings have called into question the understanding of of the definition of species. The biological species concept, also considered the most prevailing, states that species are organisms that are able to mate and reproduce. However, different sub-domains of science have problems with these concepts. Currently, there is an on going debate about what constitutes as species. 4, 1959 Severo Ochoa is award the Nobel Prize for discovering the process of mRNA. This showed the progression from DNA to RNA to Protein and therefore was able to finalize the central dogma of DNA (replication, transcription, translation) 2,3 1970 Even though Ochoa was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1959 it was not until Francis Crick wrote "Central Dogma of Molecular Biology" in Nature that the idea gained wide spread acceptance. Even though this did not present any "new" information, it did in fact help to dispel apparent misconceptions that had arisen among the pervading scientists of the day. 3, 1978-1990 This created a large debate among scientists about the nature of evolution and if the common ancestor could be elucidated. Many scientists disagreed that Woese's techniques actually represented anything. Others questioned the actual inclusion of a new domain. It was not until many scientists had characterized thousands of species of Archaea, and analyzed their differences did they conclude that these three domains are in fact fundamentally different. 3,4 ???? 1978 - Current These large scale test have created large databases of gnomic sequences. Scientists can now BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) Large amounts of DNA, RNA and protein sequences and try to find commonalities While the actual implementation of this should be considered a technological advance, the scientific understanding that has been brought about has dramatically changed the understanding that we have about different species. as well as how different genes function. 4, 5, 1977 Using the understanding of the Central Dogma, Carl Woese (seen in background) used phylogentic taxonomy of 16S ribosomal RNA to show evolutionary differences between prokaryots and eucaryotes. His research showed that there was an apparent new division, that should be described This lead to the formation of the Phylogentic Tree of Life, and the three domain classification (one level higher than Kingdom, representing Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucaryota). 1,3,4 1978-1990 This created a large debate among scientists about the nature of evolution and if the common ancestor could be elucidated. Many scientists disagreed that Woese's techniques actually represented anything. Others questioned the actual inclusion of a new domain. It was not until many scientists had characterized thousands of species of Archaea, and analyzed their differences did they conclude that these three domains are in fact fundamentally different. 3,4, 1970 Even though Ochoa was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1959 it was not until Francis Crick wrote "Central Dogma of Molecular Biology" in Nature that the idea gained wide spread acceptance. Even though this did not present any "new" information, it did in fact help to dispel apparent misconceptions that had arisen among the pervading scientists of the day. 3 1977 Using the understanding of the Central Dogma, Carl Woese (seen in background) used phylogentic taxonomy of 16S ribosomal RNA to show evolutionary differences between prokaryots and eucaryotes. His research showed that there was an apparent new division, that should be described This lead to the formation of the Phylogentic Tree of Life, and the three domain classification (one level higher than Kingdom, representing Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucaryota). 1,3,4, 1958 Meselson and Stahl used nitrogen isotopes to illustrate the semiconservative replication of DNA. There were three competing hypothesis during this time (semiconservative - that each strand forms a separate template, conservative - the entire DNA molecule acts a template, and dispersive - that replicated in short segments). 1,3 1959 Severo Ochoa is award the Nobel Prize for discovering the process of mRNA. This showed the progression from DNA to RNA to Protein and therefore was able to finalize the central dogma of DNA (replication, transcription, translation) 2,3