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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Bovine Castration, Surgical Procedure : Open Castration This procedure includes: Intra-operative considerations, Surgical Procedure : Open Castration This procedure includes: Post operative considerations, Bovine Castration (also known as "neutering" "altering" or "fixing"). *scroll over* can be performed via: Surgical Procedure : Open Castration, Surgical Procedure : Open Castration This procedure includes: Pre operative considerations *scroll over*, Bovine Castration (also known as "neutering" "altering" or "fixing"). *scroll over* has its: Disadvantages: -Feed Conversion Ratio of animals is reduced (by 13%) and hence daily weight gain is also reduced. -More fat deposition occurs in meat and hence reduces lean meat percentage., Post operative considerations The calf was monitored every day for seven days following castration and then every other day until the wound was healed. Farmers should be informed that: • Calves should be kept in a clean, dry environment after castration. • There may be a slight decrease in feed intake in the first two to three days post castration, calves should be monitored to ensure that they are eating and drinking adequately and that there are no abnormalities in behavior. • Castrated males should not be considered sterile till up to three weeks post castration as there may still be male hormones in circulation., Bovine Castration (also known as "neutering" "altering" or "fixing"). *scroll over* involves the use of: Equipment and Drugs Equipment: scalpel, suture material, emasculator, emasculatome, ropes, needles and syringes, haemostats Drugs: Xylazine, Ketamine, Penicillin-streptomycin, Flunixin-meglumine, Lidocaine., Bovine Castration (also known as "neutering" "altering" or "fixing"). *scroll over* can also be done by: Other methods of castration: 1. Closed\ Bloodless Castration: - Elastic/Rubber banding -Emasculatome/ Burdizzo 2. Open- Closed Method of Castration 3.Chemical/Immunocastration, Bovine Castration (also known as "neutering" "altering" or "fixing"). *scroll over* has its: Advantages -The meat of castrated animals is more palatable with longer shelf life, decreased dark muscle and hence sells for a higher price. -The hides of the animals are easier to remove., Post operative considerations The calf was monitored every day for seven days following castration and then every other day until the wound was healed. It was ensured that the calf was bright, alert and resposive; that it was eating and drinking normally and that it was interacting with its stable mates. -The surgical site was examined daily to ensure proper drainage was taking place and that there was no haemorrhage, swellings, malodour, abnormal gait indicating tetanus or signs of infection. -Wounds were sprayed as needed with Oxy-tet Spray (Oxytetracycline broad spectrum antibiotic spray) as well as Anti-myiasis spray to prevent fly strike and maggot infestation. -Calf was also monitored for signs of pain. Although none were observed, Flunixin-meglumine was the analgesic of choice, used for both its pain relieving and anti-inflammatory properties.